Krister Stendahl - "To Serve, to Succeed, and to Survive" Baccalaureate Service (May 5, 1979)

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	(jovial organ music)	0:03
	(dramatic organ music)	9:41
	(choir singing) ♪ Lord of all nations	16:09
	♪ Son of God ♪	16:16
	♪ And Son of Man ♪	16:22
	♪ Glory and honor ♪	16:30
	♪ Praise, adoration ♪	16:41
	♪ Now and forever more be Thine ♪	16:47
	♪ Now and forever more be Thine ♪	17:00
	(dramatic organ music)	17:23
	(choir sings)	18:07
Father	Grace be unto you	22:21
	and peace from our Lord who creates,	22:24
	redeems and upholds us.	22:29
	God has given us life but we do not always live.	22:34
	We have been given freedom.	22:41
	But we have found this burden heavy, this anxiety painful.	22:44
	In pride and insecurity, we have turned from God	22:51
	to live in self-deceit and to serve other gods.	22:55
	Therefore, let us admit our own willfulness	23:01
	and our own weaknesses, as together we confess our sin	23:06
	before almighty God, let us pray.	23:11
	Oh God, in whose mystery we abide	23:16
	and by whose mercy we are redeemed,	23:19
	we confess our sin against one another and against you.	23:23
	All our transgressions hidden and open.	23:28
	The evil done and the goodness left undone.	23:31
	We have deceived ourselves, about ourselves,	23:35
	and worn masks and not trusted in love.	23:39
	We confess that we have been careful with things,	23:43
	careless with persons,	23:47
	adept in taking, awkward in giving,	23:50
	in love with our fears and in fear of our loves.	23:54
	We confess before you that we are more prone to sin	23:59
	than to obedience, prompt to gratify our bodies,	24:03
	slow to nourish our souls,	24:08
	attached to the pleasure of sense,	24:12
	negligent of things spiritual,	24:14
	quick in the service of self,	24:18
	slack in the service of others,	24:20
	eager to get, reluctant to give,	24:23
	full of good intentions, hesitant to fulfill them,	24:27
	server with our neighbors, indulgent with ourselves,	24:32
	helpless apart from You,	24:36
	yet unwilling to be bound to You.	24:40
	Forgive us, lift us up, and heal us this day.	24:43
	We pray in your Holy Name, amen.	24:49
	Let us continue in prayer	24:55
	with our own personal confession before God.	24:56
	Spirit of life and love, come now and fill us.	25:26
	Spirit of growth and grace,	25:32
	come like and wind and cleanse us.	25:34
	Awaken us to the reality of God's forgiveness.	25:37
	Through the grace of God,	25:42
	I now declare your sins are forgiven.	25:44
	May we know that peace of God,	25:50
	which passes all understanding.	25:52
	That peace which brings comfort and hope, amen.	25:56
	May I welcome all of you to this service of worship.	26:08
	This baccalaureate service for those persons	26:13
	receiving advanced degrees at Duke this year.	26:17
	We are honored to have many of them,	26:22
	many of you with us.	26:24
	And many of you who are friends and family	26:27
	share in this very special occasion.	26:29
	Assuming that the weather holds and I've been told	26:33
	that it is going to hold, this afternoon.	26:36
	The reception schedule for 4:30 will be held	26:40
	on the lawn on East campus, from 4:30 until 6:00.	26:45
	All of us are invited to share in that experience.	26:49
	Tonight at 9:00 here in the chapel,	26:53
	Professor Finner-Douglas, University Organist	26:55
	and Professor of Music, will give a concert	26:58
	on the new Flentrop organ.	27:01
	You're invited to come and share in that experience also.	27:03
	Acclaimed both worldwide and in this country particularly	27:11
	as a committed and concerned church-man	27:17
	both in his own native church of Sweden	27:20
	and in the church universal,	27:24
	as a brilliant and learned Biblical scholar,	27:27
	as an able and effective administrator,	27:33
	as dean of a distinctive and honored School of Divinity,	27:36
	known as a caring and concerned pastor to students,	27:43
	to faculty, and to others, deeply respected	27:46
	and highly regarded as a preacher of the Word,	27:50
	one who has preached here in Duke chapel	27:54
	on a number of occasions previously,	27:56
	we welcome the reverend Dr. Krister Stendahl.	27:59
	Currently serving as Dean of Harvard Divinity School,	28:03
	a position in which he has resigned and will vacate	28:07
	as of June 30 of this year.	28:11
	We welcome you, Dr. Stendahl, to Duke University again.	28:14
	And to this very glad and celebrated occasion this afternoon	28:18
	and we hear the Word of God which you will bring to us	28:24
	with expectant and eager hearts.	28:27
-	[Associate Pastor] Let us pray.	28:37
	Prepare our hearts, oh Lord, to accept Thy Word.	28:40
	Silence in us any voice but Thy own.	28:43
	That hearing we will also obey Thy will	28:46
	through Jesus Christ our Lord, amen.	28:49
	The Old Testament lesson is from the 34th chapter of Ezekiel	28:53
	verses one through six.	28:56
	And the word of the Lord came unto me saying,	28:59
	"Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel;	29:01
	prophesy and say to them: 'Thus sayeth the Lord,	29:05
	Woe be to the shepherds of Israel that do feed themselves.	29:08
	Should not the shepherds feed the flocks?	29:13
	Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool,	29:16
	ye kill them that are fed but ye feed not the flock.	29:20
	The diseased have ye not strengthened,	29:24
	neither have ye healed that which was sick,	29:26
	neither have ye bound up that which was broken,	29:29
	neither have ye brought again that which was driven away,	29:32
	neither have ye sought that which was lost;	29:36
	but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them.	29:39
	And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd.	29:43
	And they became meat to all the beasts of the field,	29:46
	when they were scattered.	29:49
	My sheep wandered through all the mountains,	29:51
	and upon every high hill.	29:53
	Yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth,	29:55
	and none did search or seek after them.	29:58
	Here endeth the reading from the Old Testament, amen.	30:01
	(reverent organ music)	30:08
	(choir sings)	30:37
-	[Associate Pastor] Will the cogeneration please stand	35:57
	for the reading of the Gospel lesson.	35:58
	The Gospel lesson is from the tenth chapter of Luke,	36:04
	versus 17 through 20.	36:07
	And the seventy returned again with joy, saying,	36:10
	Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name.	36:13
	And he said unto them, I beheld Satan	36:17
	as lightning fall from heaven.	36:20
	Behold, I give unto you power to tread	36:23
	upon serpents and scorpions, and over all the power	36:25
	of the enemy, and nothing shall by any means hurt you.	36:28
	Notwithstanding in this rejoice not,	36:33
	that the spirits are subject unto you; but rather rejoice,	36:36
	because your names are written in heaven.	36:40
	Here endeth the reading from the Gospel.	36:43
	All praise and glory be to God, amen.	36:45
	(uplifting organ music)	36:49
	(choir sings)	37:02
Pastor	Let us affirm what we believe.	37:50
All	We believe in God who has created and is creating,	37:53
	who has come in the truly human Jesus,	37:59
	to reconcile and make new.	38:01
	We trust God, who calls us to be the church	38:05
	to celebrate life and it's fullness,	38:09
	to love and serve others, to seek justice and resist evil,	38:13
	to proclaim Jesus, crucified and risen.	38:18
	Our judge and our hope in life, in death,	38:23
	in life beyond death, God is with us.	38:28
	We are not alone.	38:32
	Thanks be to God.	38:34
	Be seated.	38:37
	The Lord be with you.	38:47
	Let us pray.	38:50
	Oh Lord, our God, whose light guides us in our darkness,	38:54
	whose wisdom enlightens us in our ignorance,	38:58
	whose love inspires us in our indifference,	39:03
	whose peace calms us in our turmoil,	39:08
	and in whose will we find perfect freedom.	39:12
	We rejoice this moment in the personal,	39:16
	family, and community celebrations,	39:19
	which are ours these days.	39:22
	We offer unto you now, oh Lord, our God,	39:26
	this prayer for those who are ready to graduate	39:30
	from this university,	39:34
	for those who came searching for great moments	39:37
	and were not disappointed.	39:41
	For those who have studied diligently and faithfully,	39:45
	for whom night has often been day and day often night,	39:49
	for whom the laboratory, or library, or study desk,	39:54
	or hospital corridor is more familiar than their own bed.	39:58
	For those who have been supported by family, husband, wife	40:05
	or friends as they have struggled and grown from day to day.	40:09
	For all those that leave this place as better persons	40:16
	than when they came, more informed, more inquisitive,	40:19
	more probing, more sensitive to self and to others,	40:23
	more concerned, Oh Lord, about serving others	40:27
	than about being served.	40:30
	For those who came unsure about the place	40:34
	of righteousness and justice, but who leave knowing	40:36
	that integrity is one mark of authentic living.	40:39
	For those whom we honor this day and on tomorrow	40:46
	all that they have accomplished	40:50
	and all that is yet to be, oh Lord, we give you thanks	40:52
	and praise this day.	40:55
	Oh God, may all of us know that there is a world	40:58
	beyond this place,	41:01
	a world of good and evil, of joy and sorrow,	41:03
	hope and despair, light and darkness, hate and love.	41:06
	And so may we care more about this world out there,	41:12
	more now than we ever have before in our lives.	41:17
	And so oh Lord, our God, as you realize who we have been,	41:23
	accept us for who we are and make of us	41:26
	who we are created to be.	41:29
	We command ourselves to you,	41:33
	knowing that your love can care for us.	41:36
	Your mercy bless us and your power save us.	41:39
	Hear us for we pray in your Holy Name.	41:46
	Now hear us as we pray the pray that our Lord	41:50
	has taught us to pray, saying,	41:52
All	Our Father, who art in heaven,	41:55
	hallowed be thy Name,	41:58
	thy kingdom come,	42:00
	thy will be done,	42:02
	on earth as it is in heaven.	42:04
	Give us this day our daily bread.	42:07
	And forgive us our trespasses,	42:10
	as we forgive those who trespass against us.	42:12
	And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.	42:16
	For thine is the kingdom, the power,	42:21
	and the glory, for ever, Amen.	42:24
-	[Dr. Krister Stendahl They now tell you in the program	42:50
	that we have come to the topic,	42:54
	Knowledge Perfected.	42:57
	And I feel very honored	43:02
	by Duke University	43:06
	that for some reason, some people here thought	43:10
	that that's what Harvard would come and bring:	43:12
	knowledge perfected.	43:17
	That happens to be a misprint	43:20
	and was never my topic,	43:24
	although, I appreciate the gesture, as I say.	43:31
	(congregation laughing)	43:34
	What I would like to gather our thoughts about, rather,	43:37
	is three simple thoughts	43:43
	about to serve,	43:49
	to succeed, and to survive.	43:53
	But first, let us pray.	43:59
	In God's Mighty Name,	44:04
	we know that we are always in your hands,	44:09
	but once in a while, give us a field day off	44:14
	when we need it,	44:19
	so that in our lives,	44:24
	things keep the right proportions.	44:25
	And what is great in your eyes, oh God,	44:32
	be also important to us.	44:36
	And what is small to You, be small to us.	44:39
	Through it all, be unto us like a father	44:45
	and a mother and a friend,	44:49
	amen.	44:54
	So you are ready.	45:02
	At least the University authorities say so.	45:04
	Ready to serve, no doubt,	45:10
	in whatever field,	45:16
	whatever capacity	45:19
	that will be yours.	45:24
	And I take it that it is your firm resolve	45:29
	that you not be like those terrible shepherds	45:35
	which the provost read about from the book of Ezekiel.	45:41
	Those selfish ones.	45:47
	The prophet said, you eat the fat, you clothe yourself	45:52
	with the wool, you slaughter the fatlings,	45:57
	but you do not feed the sheep.	46:00
	Oh not you.	46:04
	You are going to serve.	46:07
	Some of you in well paying professions.	46:11
	But after all, one has to pay back the loans.	46:17
	And investment is not only investment in money,	46:22
	but you have invested a lot.	46:26
	I remember that fellow at Union Seminary	46:29
	who finally had finished his thesis	46:32
	and was sending it in	46:38
	to have it read and examined.	46:44
	And he sent it in and one day to Union Seminary,	46:50
	up drove and armed truck,	46:54
	one of those Brinks armed trucks.	46:58
	And two guys with guns got out and carried this	47:02
	package into the register's office.	47:05
	And they were all wondering about what this was.	47:10
	But he'd been asked to estimate the value of this thesis,	47:14
	and he added up the time and the pain	47:19
	and the paper and the living costs	47:24
	and the tuition and it all,	47:27
	so that he put the value of $10,000 on that thesis package.	47:30
	And by the then laws in New York,	47:37
	if a package was worth more than $6,000,	47:39
	it had to be delivered by armored truck.	47:42
	So if some of you expect to serve	47:48
	in well paying professions, that seems alright.	47:51
	And it might even be that it basically is	47:57
	because what matters is your readiness to serve.	48:03
	Now...	48:12
	the prophet	48:17
	who pictured those selfish shepherds	48:19
	who didn't care for the flock but just lived off it,	48:24
	as most of us, we live off society one way or another.	48:31
	You would expect that his little sermon after that would be,	48:38
	you should be more concerned shepherds.	48:43
	But he takes another route	48:50
	and is much more radical in the critique.	48:54
	And it says in the Book, for thus says the Lord God,	48:59
	"Behold I, I myself	49:03
	will search for my sheep	49:08
	and will seek them out, and will bring them together.	49:10
	I will heal them, I will feed them.	49:14
	I, myself, an no human shepard at all."	49:16
	You see, in antiquity, in the Near East,	49:24
	kings and other people who	49:31
	assumed responsibility	49:35
	loved	49:39
	the image of themselves	49:43
	as shepherds of the flock.	49:46
	That's one of the most satisfactory beloved self-images	49:49
	for people with responsibilities: a good shepard.	49:55
	And the clergy has even absorbed	50:01
	the image to themselves,	50:06
	referring to pastors and pastoral,	50:09
	which comes from that same word.	50:11
	It's a funny thing in the Bible	50:16
	that the word shepard is never used	50:21
	for the relation of one person to other persons.	50:26
	The Lord is my shepard.	50:34
	But human beings do not relate to one another	50:40
	as shepard to sheep.	50:44
	Actually the word, to keep, which is what one does	50:48
	with sheep, I guess.	50:53
	The word, shamar, in Hebrew, is never used for the relation	50:57
	between human beings.	51:02
	Therefore Cane's famous answer to God	51:07
	when he had killed Abel.	51:12
	And God called out and said,	51:16
	"Cane, where is your brother, Abel?"	51:19
	Then	51:25
	Cane in the glorious tradition of Jewish humor	51:29
	answers with a joke.	51:35
	He says, Lord, you know yourself, that it aint	51:40
	proper for a human being to be a human being's keeper.	51:45
	Am I my brother's keeper?	51:51
	You know your theology, God.	51:54
	You know that it aint proper for crummy human beings	51:57
	to keep other human beings, especially not your bother.	52:03
	In other word, to keep, is never used	52:10
	as the proper relation between human beings.	52:14
	I think that's important for service minded people.	52:21
	Very important	52:27
	that perhaps the greatest problem	52:32
	with the service professions, so called,	52:35
	the greatest problems with them	52:41
	is perhaps ultimately not the kind of usual	52:46
	kind of selfishness that we speak about,	52:51
	but it is the haughtiness	52:53
	that comes from thinking	52:57
	that one can be	53:01
	a shepard of people.	53:03
	That a client, that a patient,	53:10
	is a proper way	53:16
	of speaking about human beings.	53:17
	That it is actually the self-assigned image of us	53:22
	shepherding or leading,	53:28
	which is the root of the dehumanizing	53:33
	in our work.	53:37
	Or to put it more simply, my sisters and my brothers,	53:39
	let's remember that we are human,	53:43
	even if you manage to graduate.	53:46
	Let's remember that we are human	53:49
	and let us not overstep our limits,	53:52
	especially not when we do it with good intentions.	53:56
	There's a similar twist	54:08
	in those words of Jesus	54:14
	when the disciples came back and had been successful.	54:17
	And since it is in the Gospels,	54:24
	especially the Gospels of Luke,	54:26
	which always is careful with its nice religious language.	54:27
	They know of course that they have been successful	54:34
	in the name of the Lord and by the help of God and all that.	54:37
	But helpful, sure.	54:41
	Successful, sure they had been.	54:42
	The demons	54:46
	just rush out of sick people	54:49
	when they shout Jesus name over them,	54:52
	and they had a wonderful time	54:55
	in the most successful trip through the land	54:59
	as healers and preachers than they ever thought possible.	55:05
	And then they come and they are just so happy.	55:10
	And they say, Lord, isn't it marvelous	55:15
	that all those things about the kingdom	55:23
	and sickness would sort of be overcome and all that.	55:25
	It works!	55:30
	And Jesus says, that's fine.	55:34
	It's wonderful.	55:38
	But when it really matters, says Jesus, you shouldn't	55:42
	perhaps put so much stake in that success.	55:46
	Do not rejoice that the spirits obey you,	55:52
	rather rejoice in the fact	55:58
	that your names are written in heaven.	56:02
	It is as if Jesus didn't let them really	56:10
	wallow in their success,	56:15
	not even when they righty	56:19
	assigned the glory to God,	56:22
	as we have done in this grand style chapel.	56:25
	No, says Jesus, rejoice rather	56:32
	that your names are written in heaven.	56:40
	And the point is perhaps not so much	56:44
	that it is written in heaven and hence there is	56:45
	another chapter coming on the other side.	56:49
	That's not where the ax then falls.	56:52
	It is rather that whether you have success or not,	56:58
	and it will not always be this green as it is today,	57:04
	says Jesus, to these happy disciples.	57:07
	Remember that you have your ego	57:12
	grounded in something else	57:17
	than your successes.	57:24
	Whatever happens, I am a child of God.	57:27
	That's what's really important.	57:38
	See this is a really important lesson, I think,	57:41
	especially perhaps in much of	57:48
	American culture,	57:53
	that we really learn that life is not the	57:58
	sum total of our achievements,	58:02
	of our work,	58:07
	of our doings.	58:09
	That what matters is who we are	58:12
	and not what we do.	58:18
	When it really matters, life is not the sum total	58:21
	of our achievements.	58:26
	Even our achievements on unselfish service.	58:28
	Now if people had the center of their lives	58:36
	rather in their being, in their being children of God,	58:40
	it becomes much easier to retire.	58:50
	Now it might be a little early	58:52
	for you to speak about retirement.	58:54
	But I'll tell you that there is a lot of people now	58:59
	who do not want to retire and that will make it harder	59:02
	for you on the job market.	59:05
	And they're upping it now to 70.	59:08
	Because people find it so difficult to retire	59:14
	because they have their ego in their work.	59:17
	They think that life consists of what we do.	59:22
	I hope that your generation will learn	59:33
	that life is not the sum total of our doings,	59:38
	not even the sum total of our experiences, so to say,	59:42
	but that it has its center in the fact,	59:47
	as I would phrase it, that I'm a child of God.	59:50
	A child, not a master,	59:57
	or a keeper of people or anything.	1:00:03
	A child, and nothing very important	1:00:09
	in the world in which the world speaks about important.	1:00:15
	I want to be a child so that I remember that life is more	1:00:21
	than the sum total of achievements.	1:00:25
	I want to be a child with my life name written in heaven,	1:00:29
	to be playful	1:00:36
	and with a retained capacity to wonder.	1:00:40
	Now you can understand when these disciples came back and	1:00:48
	were filled with their achievements.	1:00:55
	It's easy to understand.	1:01:02
	It's more difficult to understand why Jesus	1:01:05
	couldn't let that be	1:01:09
	but had to counteract it by saying,	1:01:13
	"Rejoice rather in the fact	1:01:19
	that your names are written in heaven."	1:01:23
	That sounds so selfish, shouldn't they rather be thinking	1:01:25
	that they were helping other people,	1:01:29
	than thinking about their little egos?	1:01:34
	Oh, Jesus knew	1:01:39
	that in the long life that human beings live,	1:01:46
	if it lasts long, it's enormously dangerous	1:01:51
	to lose one's identity in one's work.	1:01:58
	Because then one uses other people,	1:02:03
	leeching on them,	1:02:10
	for one's own dignity and value	1:02:13
	and self understanding.	1:02:18
	That's why it is important to remember	1:02:22
	these two stories from Ezekiel	1:02:27
	and from the Gospel of Luke,	1:02:36
	so that you can be a playful child	1:02:39
	with retained capacity to wonder	1:02:44
	and so that you can stay alive truly,	1:02:51
	all life until you die.	1:02:58
	Now perhaps those prophets here at Duke Chapel	1:03:02
	weren't so wrong after all.	1:03:05
	Without such insight,	1:03:09
	knowledge is hardly perfected.	1:03:14
	Let us pray.	1:03:20
	We are always in your hands, Oh Lord.	1:03:26
	Give us a field day off when we need it.	1:03:32
	Be unto us like a father,	1:03:37
	and a mother, and a friend	1:03:42
	all our days as your little children,	1:03:47
	amen.	1:03:53
	(joyful organ music)	1:04:13
	(choir sings)	1:04:31
Chaplin	And now as a closing act of thanksgiving	1:08:45
	and commitment, let us join together	1:08:48
	in a unison prayer of gratitude and hope.	1:08:52
	Let us pray together.	1:08:57
All	Almighty God who has granted us place in part	1:09:00
	in this university, hallow to us now this day,	1:09:04
	when we dedicate ourselves to the life and work	1:09:08
	to which you have here called us.	1:09:13
	That we may remember with gratitude	1:09:16
	the families and friends who have cared for us.	1:09:18
	We ask your presence, oh God.	1:09:22
	That in the life ahead of us, we may keep faith	1:09:25
	with those who have loves us and trusted us	1:09:29
	and whose hopes follow us.	1:09:33
	We ask your presence, oh God,	1:09:35
	that we may enter with good courage and constant purpose	1:09:38
	upon the tasks which await us.	1:09:43
	We ask your presence, oh God.	1:09:46
	From all sense of strangeness and loneliness	1:09:49
	and from the fear that we may fail	1:09:53
	and may find no friends.	1:09:55
	Good Lord, deliver us from neglect of the opportunities	1:09:58
	which are all about us, and from distrust	1:10:03
	of our abilities to meet the duties of each dawning day.	1:10:07
	Good Lord, deliver us that the example of wise and	1:10:11
	generous people who have gone before us	1:10:16
	here at this university, may save us from folly	1:10:19
	and self-indulgence, we ask your presence, oh God.	1:10:23
	More especially, that you will show to us	1:10:28
	and to all people the way of love	1:10:31
	in a time desperately in need of those who care,	1:10:35
	we ask your presence, oh God.	1:10:39
	These things and whatever else you see needful and right	1:10:42
	for us, we ask in your Holy Name, amen.	1:10:47
	(jovial organ music)	1:10:54
	(choir sings)	1:11:29
Chaplin	My friends, go now in peace.	1:14:43
	Go now in hope.	1:14:48
	Go now in trust.	1:14:52
	Go now in love.	1:14:56
	In the God of hope, and trust, and peace, and love	1:15:00
	be with you and with those whom you love	1:15:07
	this day and forever more.	1:15:11
	(choir singing) ♪ Amen	1:15:16
	(dramatic organ music)	1:16:08

Item Info

Title:

Krister Stendahl - "To Serve, to Succeed, and to Survive" Baccalaureate Service (May 5, 1979)

Description:

We go astray in our work as pastors or educators when we think it is our job to "shepherd" people. Keeping is not a proper relationship of one human to another. Furthermore, we must not place our identity in our work but in the fact that we are God's children. Only then will we be free to love and serve well. (Abstract created by Duke Divinity School staff.)
Sermon start time: (Part 1) 42:50. Sermon end time: (Part 1) 1:03:56.
Key quotation: “To ‘keep’ is never used as the proper relation between human beings.”

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r44q7r460

Date:

May 5, 1979

Speaker:

Stendahl, Krister

Biblical Book:

Chapter and Verse:

Subject:

Contributor:

Duke University. Chapel

Identifier:

UA.17.01.0003 RR-1023
ref7255_0xv
uachapelsermaud
duke:321145
dcrau001903
ark:/87924/r44q7r460
4b17dfb4-097c-4ee1-b083-9d844b55d5a8

Digital Collection:

Duke Chapel Recordings

Source Collection:

Duke University Chapel recordings

Language:

English

Location:

United States
North Carolina
Durham (N.C.)

Format:

Provenance:

The Duke University Chapel Recordings were transferred to the Duke University Archives beginning in 1970.

Rights:

No Re-Use

In Copyright

Rights Note:

This material is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

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