Eugene Carson Blake - "Even the Desert Shall Bloom" (April 7, 1957); Waldo Beach - "Education for Failure" (April 28, 1957)

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-	Sunday April 7th, 1957.	0:06
	Preacher, Dr. Eugene Carson Blake president	0:09
	of National Council of Churches.	0:13
	(instrumental song)	0:16
	(congregation singing hymn song)	0:59
-	Let us all put onto God, our unison prayer of confession.	3:03
	Let us pray, Almighty God father	3:10
	of our own Lord Jesus Christ,	3:15
	maker of all things, judge of all men,	3:18
	we acknowledge our manifold, sins and wickedness,	3:22
	which we have committed by thought, word and deed.	3:26
	We do earnestly repent and are heartily sorry	3:31
	for these our misdoings,	3:35
	have mercy upon us most merciful father,	3:38
	forgive us all that is past	3:42
	and grant that you may ever hear after (mumbles)	3:45
	and please thee in newness of life.	3:48
	Through Jesus Christ our Lord, Amen.	3:52
	And now as our savior Christ has taught us.	3:56
	We humbly pray, our father who art in heaven,	4:00
	hallowed be thy name thy kingdom come,	4:06
	thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.	4:10
	Give us this day, our daily bread	4:15
	and forgive us our trespasses.	4:18
	As we forgive those who trespass against us	4:21
	and lead us not into temptation,	4:25
	but deliver us from evil	4:28
	for thine is the kingdom and the power	4:30
	and the glory forever, Amen.	4:34
	(instrumental song)	4:42
	(congregation singing hymn song)	5:22
	Here beginneth the first verse	9:58
	of the 55th chapter of the prophecy of Isaiah	10:00
	(coughs)	10:06
	Ho, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters,	10:09
	and he that hath no money come ye, buy and eat.	10:16
	Yea, come buy wine and milk	10:22
	without money and without price.	10:25
	Wherefore, do ye spend money for that	10:31
	which is not bread?	10:33
	and your labor for that which satisfieth not?	10:36
	Hearken, diligently unto me,	10:41
	and eat ye that which is good,	10:43
	and let your soul delight itself in fatness.	10:46
	Incline your ear and come unto me,	10:50
	here and your soul shall live	10:54
	and I will make an everlasting covenant with you,	10:57
	even the sure mercies of David.	11:00
	Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people,	11:04
	a leader and commander to the people.	11:08
	Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not,	11:12
	and nations that knew not thee shall run	11:17
	unto thee because of the Lord, thy God,	11:20
	and for the Holy one of Israel	11:23
	for he hath glorified thee.	11:26
	Seek ye the Lord while he may be found,	11:30
	call ye upon him while he is near.	11:34
	Let the wicked forsake his way,	11:38
	and the unrighteous man his thoughts,	11:40
	and let him return unto the Lord,	11:44
	and he will have mercy upon him and to our God,	11:46
	for he will abundantly pardon.	11:52
	For my thoughts are not your thoughts	11:55
	neither are my ways your ways saith the Lord.	12:00
	For as the heavens are higher than the earth,	12:05
	so are my ways higher than your ways	12:08
	and my thoughts than your thoughts.	12:11
	For as the rain cometh down and the snow from heaven	12:15
	and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth,	12:20
	and maketh it bring forth and bud,	12:24
	that it may give seed to the sower	12:27
	and bread to the eater.	12:30
	So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth	12:33
	it shall not return unto me void,	12:38
	but it shall accomplish that which I please,	12:42
	and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.	12:46
	For ye shall go out with joy	12:51
	and be led forth with peace.	12:53
	The mountains and the hills shall break	12:56
	forth before you into singing,	12:58
	and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.	13:01
	Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree,	13:07
	and instead of the brier shall come up the Myrtle tree	13:11
	and the shall be to the Lord for a name,	13:16
	for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off.	13:20
	Here end of the lesson.	13:27
	May God blessed to us this reading from his holy word.	13:29
	(instrumental song)	13:36
	(congregation singing hymn song)	14:03
	The Lord be with you?	15:31
	(Congregation murmurs)	15:33
	Let us pray.	15:34
	We beseech thee Almighty God	15:42
	mercifully to look upon thy people,	15:46
	that by thy great goodness, they may be governed	15:50
	and preserved evermore both in body and soul	15:54
	through Jesus Christ, our Lord.	16:00
	Oh God, by whose word and wisdom	16:05
	we automate partakers of the life eternal,	16:10
	according to what we know and comprehend,	16:15
	we thank thee for life and it's daily Providences.	16:18
	For the fresh aids to holy living which experience provides,	16:25
	for all thy servants past and present,	16:32
	who have lived by faith and in nobleness of deed.	16:37
	But chiefly, we thank thee for Jesus Christ	16:44
	for the battle fought and the victory won in him	16:49
	for his abiding presence in the world he loved,	16:56
	for the promise that all nations and kingdoms	17:01
	shall finally acknowledge him, for Lord and savior.	17:05
	We beseech the soul to create us new	17:11
	that living as he gave example,	17:16
	we may overcome lawlessness,	17:18
	hinder wrong comfort sorrow	17:23
	and bring the joys and peace of thy heavenly kingdom	17:28
	wherever we go, through Jesus Christ, our Lord.	17:33
	oh God, who has made the church our Royal priesthood,	17:41
	that we may offer onto thee prayers of intercession.	17:47
	Hear us as we pray for the gifts of gaiety	17:52
	and freedom and simplicity	17:56
	for clean laughter, kindness, generosity,	18:00
	gentleness, honor, courtesy and self-control.	18:07
	For the consecration of the discontent of the young,	18:15
	for wisdom in the conservatism of the middle aged	18:21
	for resiliency in the obstinacy of the aging,	18:28
	help us both to know and acknowledge	18:34
	that the standard for man's life	18:38
	has been shown us in Jesus Christ, our Lord.	18:42
	Almighty and eternal God before who space	18:48
	the nations rise and fall men come and go	18:52
	and places of learning flourish and decay.	18:58
	We the children of time and the day cometh	19:04
	to thee our university founded in great hope,	19:08
	continued in a measure of success	19:16
	dedicated to your unite knowledge and religion.	19:21
	We ask thee to confirm it where it is wrong,	19:27
	to strengthen it where it is weak,	19:33
	to correct it where it is an error,	19:38
	to discipline it where it is disordered	19:43
	and to bless it where it combines truth and love	19:49
	in the glads service of man	19:56
	and in the happy acknowledgment of thee	20:00
	and the grace of our Lord, Jesus Christ	20:06
	be with us all evermore, Amen.	20:11
	(instrumental song)	20:21
	(someone coughs)	22:42
	(instrumental song)	22:44
	(congregation singing hymn song)	23:09
	(instrumental song)	26:53
	(congregation singing hymn song)	27:40
	All mighty God thou giver of every good and perfect gift.	28:12
	We all (mumbles) present unto thee,	28:19
	these symbols of ourselves,	28:22
	our souls and bodies to be a reasonable true	28:27
	and living sacrifice unto thee,	28:33
	in Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.	28:37
	(instrumental song)	28:43
	My text is the first verse of the 55th chapter of Isaiah.	29:14
	Ho, everyone one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters	29:22
	and he that hath no money come ye, buy and eat.	29:29
	Yea come, buy wine and milk	29:36
	without money and without price.	29:41
	Poetry is often hard to interpret,	29:49
	this 55th chapter of Isaiah is acknowledged	29:55
	to be great and beautiful poetry.	30:00
	Anyone with literary sensibility is moved	30:05
	by the beauty of its images,	30:09
	the grandeur of its language.	30:12
	But most of us even those who like poetry	30:16
	would probably be put to it familiar as it is	30:19
	to interpret the full sense of the chapter.	30:24
	What does it all mean anyway?	30:30
	What was the situation that called this writing forth?	30:33
	What did it signify to the people	30:38
	to whom it was originally addressed?	30:40
	And what does it mean if anything to us,	30:44
	gathered here this morning,	30:47
	poetry is different from prose, we know that.	30:51
	But the exact difference is sometimes hard	30:56
	to analyze or to express.	30:59
	I remember studying once a whole term	31:02
	in a college English course on this very subject.	31:05
	And even when we were finished and I passed the course,	31:10
	none of us were quite sure that we knew exactly	31:14
	what made a poem, a poem,	31:18
	much less what made a good poem, a good poem.	31:21
	But there is one thing that remains with me	31:27
	still after all these years in that course in poetics,	31:30
	that is the poetry is pictures, images, concreteness.	31:37
	Prose may contain pictures too,	31:46
	but prose is often abstract.	31:48
	Let me take an example	31:54
	during World War Two at the darkest hour of Britain's trial,	31:57
	when it looked as if the mighty power	32:05
	of the Nazi air force and armies was just waiting	32:08
	until it could come and take over Britain.	32:12
	Winston Churchill made a speech,	32:19
	and this is part of what he said	32:25
	to the beleaguered British people.	32:28
	"We shall go on to the end,	32:33
	we shall fight in France,	32:37
	we shall fight on the seas and oceans,	32:40
	we shall fight with growing confidence	32:44
	and growing strength in the air.	32:46
	We shall defend our island whatever the cost may be.	32:50
	We shall fight on the beaches,	32:55
	we shall fight on the landing grounds.	32:58
	We shall fight in the fields and in the streets,	33:01
	we shall fight in the hills.	33:05
	We shall never surrender."	33:08
	Churchill was speaking pure poetry,	33:13
	for putting prose all that the prime minister said,	33:18
	was that," whatever the Germans attack us,	33:21
	we shall fight them and we won't give up."	33:24
	Clear enough too, but no pictures, no images,	33:28
	no flashes in your mind, no warming in your heart.	33:36
	To understand poetry then,	33:44
	the first requirement is that we see the picture	33:46
	and then seeing the pictures,	33:49
	if we can if we will, in quite prosaic fashion,	33:52
	understand what those pictures mean?	33:58
	Ho, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters	34:05
	and he that hath no money, come ye buy and eat.	34:11
	Yea come, buy wine and milk	34:17
	without money and without price.	34:21
	Let's look at the picture behind that text.	34:27
	It's a picture of a dry land where water is scarce	34:31
	and where because of the scarcity	34:36
	food and drink of all kinds	34:38
	were becoming more and more expensive each year.	34:40
	And more and more out of the reach of ordinary people.	34:44
	For a thousand years and more of this land	34:50
	of Mesopotamia have been to the center,	34:53
	the cradle of culture and of civilization.	34:56
	Even before history began to be written,	35:00
	there were traditions that this fertile land lying	35:03
	between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers	35:07
	had been inhabited by peoples extinct long	35:10
	before men had begun to write.	35:14
	Even the garden of Eden was placed in Mesopotamia	35:17
	by the ancient stories which had been told and retold.	35:21
	The cities of the plain had been sought for prizes,	35:27
	by (mumbles) empire after empire,	35:31
	which had risen and fallen through	35:34
	the centuries of recorded history.	35:37
	So not grip,	35:40
	I shall bang appall, they had conquered them.	35:42
	Ramesses of Egyptian tried and failed.	35:46
	And even now Cyrus, the Persian was on the March	35:50
	once more toward these great cities of the plain.	35:55
	During all that time of history Mesopotamia,	36:01
	had been watered well by it two great rivers flowing	36:04
	from their sources far to the north	36:08
	in the snow capped mountains of Iran,	36:11
	but of late the last century or two,	36:15
	water had begun to be a problem.	36:20
	To many of the hills that have been deforested,	36:24
	the flood waters each spring carried more and more	36:28
	of the precious topsoil into the sea.	36:32
	And dry seasons came it seemed with increasing frequency	36:36
	and that winds would blow away in powdery dust tons more	36:41
	of the precious life giving soil.	36:47
	And so it came to be finally that in normal seasons	36:53
	the rains themselves what a mixed blessing,	36:56
	they ran off so fast over that sun baked soil	37:00
	almost as hard was the soil as the clay bricks	37:04
	from which they had built their palaces and the houses,	37:07
	the sun baked soil soaked in	37:11
	but little of the needed water.	37:13
	But man had been in genius,	37:17
	Canals, irrigation ditches had criss-crossed	37:20
	the whole land and still year after year,	37:26
	water became more scarce.	37:31
	And because of it food became more expensive.	37:34
	Not merely I remind you in money prices	37:38
	for that can be adjusted,	37:42
	but food became more expensive in the labor required	37:45
	to produce it and to transport it.	37:50
	And thus by the time our prophet poet wrote	37:54
	even the fairly thoughtless ordinary people	37:57
	had become aware of the fact that water	38:02
	was the most precious of all commodities.	38:05
	And that gentle rain was the gift of life itself.	38:09
	And so what we were watching was the caving in	38:16
	of a great civilization due to the lack of water.	38:20
	Babylon was doomed although it did not know it.	38:26
	And at this time the prophet was speaking his message	38:33
	to his fellow captives from Israel	38:38
	who had been transported there	38:41
	to Babylon a generation or two before.	38:43
	Nor was it long after as history has measured	38:49
	that Babylon and the whole region	38:54
	between the rivers was no longer the center	38:57
	of culture at all.	39:01
	But it turned into a sudden baked sleepy	39:03
	outpost of civilization,	39:06
	which had remained until well was found.	39:08
	Where a few scattered remnants of people	39:14
	picked out a living in poverty	39:16
	where once great cities had stood proudly	39:21
	with their fabled hanging gardens	39:26
	and a great marketplaces teeming with life and with beauty.	39:29
	This is the background of the prophet's poem.	39:37
	In it he pictured an open marketplace,	39:43
	hawkers and farmers are calling to the crowds	39:47
	there are various wealths,	39:50
	the produce which is for sale,	39:52
	but prices are high, terribly high.	39:56
	So high that businesses slack,	40:01
	the people don't have the money	40:04
	to buy even the necessities,	40:05
	when suddenly above the other voices	40:09
	of the marketplace sounds out a new cry.	40:12
	Ho, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters,	40:17
	water was being sold now	40:25
	to drink it was so expensive, so scarce,	40:27
	Oh, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters	40:31
	and he that hath no money, come ye buy and eat.	40:36
	Yea, come buy wine and milk	40:41
	without money, without price.	40:44
	You can picture for yourself the surprise,	40:49
	the incredulity, the wonder of those poor	40:53
	and discouraged people.	40:57
	What kind of bad joke is this?	41:00
	Free wine, free milk can't be true?	41:03
	As the prophet spoke,	41:10
	his poem to his people gathered near him at day's end.	41:11
	He caught their attention,	41:17
	we may be sure with his startling picture	41:19
	of free water, food, wine and milk,	41:22
	but of course he made it clear immediately	41:27
	that the picture was not a literal one.	41:30
	He had no more water than they, he was as poor	41:35
	and they understood that he was teaching them in poetry,	41:42
	a lesson about their God, about the God of Israel	41:47
	whom they'd almost forgotten so long	41:53
	had they been in exile from their land	41:56
	and so hard where the economic realities	41:59
	of life as it pressed in upon them.	42:03
	Always in hard times men and women seem	42:10
	to think a little bit more about religion.	42:15
	Not that hard times make people religious,	42:19
	but hard times make people think more about religion	42:24
	for when the materials of life	42:29
	become harder and harder to get.	42:31
	There is obviously and naturally	42:36
	more interested possible spiritual goods.	42:38
	Men ask, after all what does life mean?	42:45
	Is it worth it?	42:49
	What must I do to be saved?	42:52
	How can I find God?	42:57
	And those who become really interested in religion	43:01
	tend to think of spiritual goods as too hard to get	43:03
	that they too must be struggled for as other goods.	43:09
	That faith and hope and peace and power,	43:13
	require the same kind of competitive effort	43:18
	that water and food and milk require.	43:22
	And so what the prophet was saying to them in this poem,	43:27
	what this preacher was saying to these people,	43:31
	these thirsty and hungry people,	43:34
	thirsty as much for God almost as they were for a water,	43:37
	hungry for God almost as much as they	43:42
	were for bread or milk.	43:46
	To these people a prophet was saying,	43:49
	God's not hard to find, he's not far off,	43:53
	he's not the end or the goal	43:59
	of a long and difficult search.	44:01
	Your God is near, as near as the market place,	44:07
	and his word of hope and his word of comfort	44:13
	and his word of power are free no price at all.	44:17
	All you must do is listen,	44:24
	heed what he says to you	44:27
	hear, hear and your soul shall live.	44:30
	God does this prophet pictured him is	44:38
	continually offering us the greatest bargains imaginable	44:42
	in the very things that we most want and need.	44:49
	Peace in a troubled warlike world,	44:55
	forgiveness to men who are accustomed	45:01
	to being bargained for the final penny of indebtedness.	45:03
	In this word freely coming from God.	45:10
	The prophet says will produce in your life, fruit,	45:16
	just as the rain will make flowers blossom	45:23
	when it gently falls on fertile soil.	45:28
	Seek ye the Lord while he may be found,	45:33
	call ye upon him while he is near.	45:36
	Let the wicked forsake his way	45:40
	on the unrighteous man his thoughts	45:42
	and let him return unto the Lord,	45:45
	and he will have mercy upon him	45:46
	and to our God for he will abundantly pardon.	45:48
	For as the rain cometh down and the snow from heaven	45:53
	and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth	45:58
	and make it bring forth and bud,	46:03
	that it may give seed to the sower	46:06
	and bread to the eater.	46:09
	So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth.	46:12
	It shall not return unto me void,	46:18
	but it shall accomplish that which I please,	46:22
	and it shall prosper	46:27
	in the thing whereto I sent it.	46:29
	One very simple idea is the essential	46:34
	of this word of hope to that people have long ago.	46:39
	God, a God of mercy, generous at heart, rich with grace,	46:45
	God was seeking them.	46:57
	He had gifts and they were free	47:01
	reach forth your hands receive them.	47:06
	And rich would be first the blossoming	47:12
	and then the fruitage in battered lives.	47:16
	Religion is not essentially the struggle	47:21
	we so often make it.	47:25
	Faith is the end of struggle.	47:28
	God is good. He is gracious.	47:32
	He cannot be won by our effort	47:36
	nor bought with our money.	47:39
	God is a God of grace,	47:43
	whose gifts are yours for the asking.	47:46
	Let me pause a moment here to note	47:53
	the result of this prophet preaching	47:56
	for the result was almost unbelievable.	48:00
	Those people heard, they heeded	48:05
	and what's more they repented and turned to God.	48:10
	They soon returned many of them to their own land.	48:15
	And based upon their new insight and understanding	48:19
	of what faith could be they build a new culture	48:22
	and a new civilization in the Holy land,	48:27
	a culture and a civilization good enough	48:32
	for Jesus Christ that lasts to grace	48:35
	by his birth and by his life.	48:40
	Now if any religious message could so create	48:44
	a new blossoming in the desert of this world,	48:48
	we may well ask what this ancient poem	48:53
	means to us this morning.	48:56
	Far with minor and unimportant variations our need,	49:00
	our human need is about the same	49:05
	as was theirs so long ago.	49:07
	That God is seeking us out in his grace,	49:12
	always before we think to seek for him,	49:16
	that faith is after all not one by our human struggle,	49:21
	but rather by our acceptance of God's	49:26
	in the false and worthless struggling.	49:29
	That God is willing to make a covenant with you and me	49:34
	a bargain so generous on his part,	49:42
	that skeptically we're assured too good to be true.	49:47
	Wherefore do you spend money?	49:52
	For that which is not bread	49:55
	and your labor for that which satisfies if not,	49:58
	you want life, you want joy.	50:03
	You want to find it.	50:07
	All of us are on this quest, true happiness.	50:11
	Then turn to God, receive his gifts.	50:17
	His word planted in your heart will blossom,	50:23
	and the (mumbles) desert of that soil.	50:31
	This is the gospel, the good news of God.	50:36
	When we Christian preachers try to make you see it,	50:42
	we have the more specifically Christian poem	50:46
	full of beauty and of power	50:51
	to save even more than that of the ancient prophet.	50:55
	The late Canon Streeter once put it this way,	51:00
	there is an ancient story,	51:06
	Is it a parable or something more?	51:10
	He might've asked is it a poem?	51:15
	There is an ancient story,	51:20
	which has a strangely moving power.	51:23
	First of all, the scene is set in heaven before all worlds.	51:27
	It changes for a while to earth under Pontius Pilate,	51:32
	and then were back in heaven till the final end of things.	51:39
	Very God of very God for us man	51:46
	and our salvation so the story run.	51:51
	So the poem has it, very God of very God for us man	51:56
	and our salvation came down from heaven,	52:03
	was incarnate of the Virgin and was made man.	52:08
	Crucified also for us.	52:14
	He rose again, ascended into heaven,	52:17
	sitteth on the right hand of the father.	52:22
	And shall come again with glory	52:25
	to judge both quick and debt.	52:28
	This is the story poem that is told	52:33
	and retold at all Christian churches in every way we speak,	52:37
	the coming of God to his people in Jesus Christ.	52:43
	But we must remember it is a poem,	52:49
	a mighty work of God to move us.	52:53
	And we must see its imagery with the Spirit's eyes	52:57
	until it find its place and blossom in our battered lives.	53:01
	The part of the wonder of it is that	53:09
	when we find this Christian faith,	53:10
	when we really hear this word to us from God,	53:13
	we find that we have not found an escape.	53:20
	We're not turning our backs upon the hard	53:25
	and harsh realities of daily life,	53:28
	the marketplaces and the high prices	53:32
	and the too little water for irrigation	53:35
	and lack of rainfall for the fields	53:38
	or any of the other more modern economic problems.	53:41
	No we find that the end of the story	53:48
	as the prophet pictures it and as it is through,	53:51
	is not some bodiless spiritual existence	53:55
	that Christ and his gospel brings to men.	54:00
	Rather, we find ourselves committed	54:05
	to a rescued to a redeemed earth as well.	54:08
	The mountains and the hills shall break forth	54:15
	before you in the singing	54:18
	and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.	54:21
	That's poetry alright?	54:25
	The image of a fertile peaceful earth,	54:28
	and the prophet continues, instead of the thorn	54:33
	shall come up the fir tree,	54:36
	and then instead of the brier shall come up the Myrtle tree.	54:39
	(someone coughs)	54:43
	That's the climactic end of the poem,	54:44
	a very accurate description by the way,	54:47
	of what must grow up on the hills fir trees	54:50
	instead of cactus,	54:53
	if the earth is to produce abundance.	54:55
	And if there is to be peace and prosperity among men.	54:59
	There are two kinds of people	55:06
	to whom I speak this morning,	55:07
	those of you first to find religion and effort	55:11
	hard like all the rest of life	55:18
	a struggle and unequal competition a strain,	55:22
	to you once more comes the gospel promise.	55:29
	God is near, his gifts are free receive them thou.	55:35
	And to those of you who hardly know you want God at all.	55:44
	So busy, you have been in searching for bread,	55:50
	which doesn't satisfy.	55:55
	And the other things on the other trinkets	55:58
	with which men try to fill their days	56:01
	and satisfy restless hearts.	56:04
	You two are thirst for God.	56:08
	Though you know it not until	56:12
	you two comes the invitation	56:15
	framed in the ancient prophets words.	56:19
	Ho, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters	56:24
	and he that hath money, come ye buy and eat.	56:31
	Yea, come and buy wine and milk	56:38
	without money and without price.	56:44
	Let us pray.	56:51
	Oh, thou gracious heavenly father,	57:00
	God of the past, the end of this hour,	57:05
	father of our Lord Jesus Christ (mumbles)	57:09
	who has called us to be thy sons.	57:12
	We pray thee that hearing thy word of truth.	57:20
	We may respond to it in our hearts and with our lives	57:25
	that receiving thy good gifts we may learn	57:31
	to share them with all thy children everywhere.	57:34
	And the peace of God which passes all understanding,	57:42
	keep your hearts and minds and the knowledge	57:47
	and love of God and of his son, Jesus Christ, our Lord.	57:50
	And the blessing of God Almighty the Father, the Son,	57:56
	and the Holy Ghost rest upon you	58:00
	and remain with you always.	58:05
	(congregation singing hymn song)	58:31

	(organ music)	0:03
-	Sunday morning, April 14th, 1957.	0:06
	Preacher the Reverend Professor Waldo Beach	0:11
	from the Divinity School	0:14
	(organ music)	0:16
	(choir sings)	0:29
	(organ music)	1:03
	(choir sings)	1:38
-	Let us offer unto God, our unison prayer of confession.	4:22
	Let us pray.	4:27
	Almighty God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,	4:31
	maker of all things, judge of all men	4:36
	we acknowledge our manifold sins and wickedness	4:40
	which we have have committed by thought, word and deed.	4:44
	We do earnestly repent and are heartedly sorry	4:49
	for these our misdoings, have mercy upon us	4:53
	most merciful father, forgive us all that is passed,	4:57
	and gran that we may ever hereafter	5:02
	serve and please thee in newness of life	5:05
	through Jesus Christ, our Lord, amen.	5:09
	And now as our Lord Christ had taught us	5:14
	we pray together saying.	5:17
	Our father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name,	5:19
	thy kingdom come, thy will be done	5:25
	on earth as it is in heaven.	5:29
	Give us this day our daily bread,	5:32
	and forgive us our trespasses,	5:35
	as we forgive those who trespass against us,	5:37
	and lead us not into temptation	5:41
	but deliver us from evil.	5:44
	For thine is the kingdom	5:47
	and the power and the glory forever, amen.	5:49
	(organ music)	5:56
	(choir music)	6:37
	(organ music)	8:49
-	Let us hear the word of God,	9:11
	as it is written in the gospel of Look 19:29-41.	9:13
	When he drew near to Bethphage and Bethany	9:23
	at the mount that is called Olivet,	9:26
	he sent two of the disciples saying,	9:29
	"Go into the village opposite	9:32
	where on entering, you will find a colt tied	9:34
	on which no one has ever yet sat.	9:37
	Untie it and bring it here.	9:41
	If anyone asks you, 'Why are you untying it?'	9:43
	You shall say this, 'The Lord has need of it.'"	9:47
	So those who were sent away,	9:52
	went away and found it as he had told them.	9:54
	And as they were untying the coat, his owner said to them,	9:58
	"Why are you untying the colt?"	10:02
	And they said, "The Lord has need of it."	10:05
	And they brought it to Jesus.	10:09
	And throwing their garments on the colt.	10:11
	They set Jesus upon it.	10:13
	And as he rode along,	10:15
	they spread their garments on the road.	10:17
	And he was now drawing near	10:20
	at the dissent of the Mount of Olives.	10:21
	The whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice	10:24
	and praise God with a loud voice,	10:27
	for all the mighty works that they had seen saying.	10:30
	"Blessed be the king who comes in the name of the Lord,	10:34
	peace in heaven and glory in the highest."	10:38
	And when he drew near and saw the city,	10:43
	he wept over it saying,	10:46
	"Would that even today,	10:50
	you knew the things that make for peace	10:52
	But now they are hid from your eyes.	10:56
	For the days all come upon you	11:00
	when your enemies will cast up a bank about you	11:02
	and surround you, and hem you in on every side,	11:05
	and dash you to the ground,	11:09
	you and your children within you,	11:11
	and they will not leave one stone upon another in you	11:15
	because you did not know the time of your visitation."	11:19
	May God bless into our understanding	11:24
	this reading of his holy word, amen.	11:28
	(organ music)	11:32
	(choir sings)	12:16
-	The Lord be with you	14:52
Congregation	And with your spirit.	14:54
-	Let us pray.	14:56
	O Lord and creator of all things,	15:07
	we lift to thee for thy praise,	15:11
	our prayers of Thanksgiving and adoration	15:14
	for the wonder and blessings of this season.	15:18
	For the glory and beauty with which thou has crowned nature	15:24
	in this springtime,	15:29
	so that the earth is indeed full of thy glory,	15:31
	we thank thee, O Lord.	15:32
	For the symphony of nature	15:33
	that is heard in the singing of birds.	15:44
	That is seen in the blending patterns of color.	15:48
	That is felt in the earth beneath us	15:53
	The air that surrounds us, and in the heavens above	15:57
	so that creation declares thy harmony,	16:02
	we thank thee, O Lord.	16:06
	For our new life brings from seeds planted into good earth	16:11
	to bring forth harvest the flowers and food,	16:16
	so that our Providence is made man to feast,	16:20
	we give thee thanks O Lord.	16:25
	For the capacity within us to see, to hear,	16:31
	and to feel thy creation,	16:36
	that makes us stand in wonder and excitement	16:39
	before thy handy work.	16:43
	And to know that our art God,	16:46
	we offer unto thee	16:50
	our heartfelt thanksgiving and adoration.	16:52
	O God of life, as nature manifests thy beauty,	16:58
	and harmony and providence,	17:03
	enable us, we pray thee,	17:07
	to open our lives to thy creative power,	17:08
	so that we too may live to thy glory.	17:13
	Then we shall praise thee, not only with our lips	17:17
	but with our lives.	17:21
	We ask this for the sake of Jesus Christ, our Lord.	17:23
	O Lord and giver of every good relationship among men,	17:32
	on this day when mothers visit their daughters	17:38
	on this campus, we give the humble thanks	17:41
	for homes of this earth, and parents of our flesh.	17:46
	We blessed thy name for every sacrifice of theirs,	17:53
	for every gentle thought and deed,	17:58
	for every truth imported by their lips and their lives.	18:03
	Hold them in the benediction of thy presence	18:11
	And strengthen us to fill their days with double joy.	18:15
	For every early thoughtlessness of ours,	18:20
	carried our Lord within our homes,	18:26
	making them die for the sake of Jesus Christ.	18:30
	And now our father, we offer unto thee,	18:37
	our special prayers of thanksgiving and petition	18:39
	for this holy day, and for this holy week, which it begins.	18:43
	As this day we keep the special memory	18:49
	of our redeemers entry into the city, which hailed him,	18:52
	and then rejected him.	18:56
	We give thee thanks that his spirit	19:00
	is forever seeking entrance into our world life.	19:02
	He comes as the impulse to sympathy	19:07
	and compassion between man and man.	19:10
	As the will to brotherhood eager	19:14
	to banish all suspicion and hatred.	19:15
	As the self-giving spirit	19:19
	which bears the burdens of others even to a cross.	19:21
	Give us responsive spirits	19:26
	that as he meets us in the life of time,	19:30
	we may know him for the revelation of thy truth,	19:33
	and receive him as our Lord and king.	19:37
	Forbid that we should hail him as master	19:41
	when all men speak well of him,	19:43
	and then deny him in the lonely hour of his rejection.	19:45
	Increase our faith in him as thine own word to us.	19:51
	That we may deny ourselves	19:56
	and take up what cross thou givest us	19:59
	and follow him for his sake.	20:03
	O most compassionate father,	20:08
	who long is to lead all thy children	20:11
	out of darkness into light,	20:13
	send the spirit of son this day	20:16
	to all who sit in darkness	20:18
	within the walls of their own sorrows or perplexities.	20:21
	May they hear the song of rejoicing	20:26
	of those who had found him, their savior and helper.	20:29
	And fleeing wide the gates of their spirits.	20:33
	That he may bring them peace.	20:37
	And now may thy grace and peace be upon us all.	20:42
	We pray for the sake of Christ, our Lord, amen.	20:46
	(organ music)	20:56
	♪ Lord have mercy ♪	24:10
	♪ Lord have mercy ♪	24:22
	♪ Lord have mercy ♪	24:32
	(choir sings)	24:39
	(organ music)	28:23
	(choir sings)	29:39
-	O God of love, who has offered to us the perfect gift	30:14
	of redemption through thy son,	30:19
	accept this offering of thanksgiving	30:22
	and dedication from thy children.	30:24
	And though it be unworthy and incomplete,	30:28
	make us more worthy as we seek to grow in thy grace.	30:33
	For the sake of Christ, our Lord, we pray, amen.	30:39
	(organ music)	30:45
-	One of our favorite American words is the word success.	31:17
	Like a great blinking neon light,	31:24
	the word success presides over our culture, our business,	31:30
	our politics, our churches, our clubs,	31:34
	our entertainment, even our campus.	31:39
	What we are here for is to succeed.	31:44
	There's no clear consensus as to exactly	31:50
	what the word means,	31:52
	but it's usually taken to mean	31:55
	the delight in winning the prize on the TV show.	31:56
	It means arrival at the top of a ladder.	32:02
	It means being over somebody, not as fortunate	32:05
	or as hardworking.	32:08
	It means a sales record for cars,	32:11
	or for a class enrollment that beats everybody else.	32:15
	It means getting to wherever you set out for.	32:21
	It means hitting the jackpot.	32:26
	It means winning the championship.	32:29
	Copping the Oscar.	32:33
	University culture mirrors	32:39
	this American ideal very faithfully.	32:42
	And the phrase common among educators	32:46
	and college catalogs is, education for success,	32:49
	training for a successful living.	32:56
	And our community life here is set up	33:01
	as a kind of rehearsal in the small	33:03
	of the great American success story.	33:08
	Everyone aims to be the successful student, the leader	33:13
	the president of this or that tapped for ODK,	33:16
	elected to Phi Beta Kappa.	33:21
	And his quality points shine in his crown at graduation.	33:24
	And promise him success in the next chapter of his life.	33:30
	For eternities are commended because they provide	33:35
	connections which will help the Duke get established	33:39
	in the business jungle after college,	33:44
	or at least that's what is said during rushing.	33:48
	The chanticleer is a kind of Bible of campus success.	33:54
	Full of kings and queens and heroes.	33:59
	And the reason it is so thick every year	34:05
	is that it must do honor to all the leaders,	34:07
	all the students most likely to succeed.	34:10
	And in such a place as this,	34:14
	we have too many chiefs not enough Indians.	34:16
	(congregation laughs)	34:22
	No one dares stop in the great rat race	34:26
	to suggest that the American ideal of success	34:29
	may be a mirage,	34:34
	or if he does suggest that he's written off	34:37
	as a dower cynic.	34:39
	The American dogma is that every story	34:43
	must have a happy ending.	34:45
	Everybody is destined for success,	34:50
	if only they take advantage of the opportunity,	34:52
	and mail in the entry blank.	34:56
	Everybody has to be a winner,	35:00
	is just a law of the universe.	35:02
	This is dramatized daily in the arrangements made	35:06
	in the TV giveaway and quiz shows,	35:11
	which are Roman circuses	35:13
	for even the loser to being a winner.	35:17
	"I'm so sorry," says the MC,	35:22
	"You can't name five generals in World War II.	35:25
	Do take this small check for $500 just for trying so hard."	35:30
	And then there's great applause.	35:35
	So everybody will come to some part of gold	35:38
	at the end of the rainbow.	35:41
	This is the gospel of Hollywood, and TV,	35:43
	and pocket size magazines and serial boxes.	35:47
	And much of the psychological quackery	35:52
	which passes for religion helps	35:55
	to sustain and perpetuate this American dream of success.	35:58
	Vital successful living is guaranteed	36:07
	if you practice these scientific 10 steps	36:10
	it's so simple, you can't lose.	36:13
	It's rare that anyone challenges this Abra Cadabra.	36:18
	But the fatal weakness in the whole scheme is suggested.	36:24
	In an exchange of letters in the newspaper sometime back,	36:28
	somebody wrote a testimonial describing glowingly	36:34
	how a certain athlete of indifferent ability	36:39
	by virtue of practicing the 10 steps to success	36:45
	had won the 440 race handly in the next meet	36:50
	But then somebody else rode in asking,	36:57
	"All right, but what if the 10 steps to success	37:00
	had been practiced by all the runners in the meet?"	37:05
	The question punctures neatly the whole inflated	37:12
	fantastic illusion, everybody can't be a winner.	37:17
	There have to be also rams.	37:23
	Everybody can't be an A,	37:27
	there have to be Bs and Cs and Ds and Fs.	37:30
	This is life's built in great curve.	37:37
	And there's a great peril	37:42
	in the whole idea of education for success.	37:44
	And especially the way success is understood on campus	37:47
	as meaning, coming in first, winning out.	37:50
	I suspect that we are vaguely aware	37:56
	of the falsity of success once in a while.	37:59
	What we call senior jitters	38:05
	As common, an ailment as spring fever, this time of year	38:09
	or falling in love.	38:13
	Senior jitters arises from the awareness that sneaks up	38:17
	on us some April morning with two months of college to go.	38:20
	That along the line somewhere somebody fooled us.	38:27
	And the quality points and prizes and cups and crowns	38:33
	look a little small, a little dingy	38:40
	Even the BMOC,	38:46
	who has worked for four years to get on top	38:50
	may find himself disillusion to discover	38:53
	that the elevation is slight.	38:57
	But wore to the student who takes campus success	39:01
	as the goal of life as the be all and end all of his days.	39:07
	There's not think more pathetic	39:14
	than the May Queen who never quite got over it.	39:17
	(congregation laughs)	39:20
	And there's a distinct shock in store	39:25
	for the young alumni who comes back for a visit,	39:27
	and finds women student government operating well	39:32
	without her services.	39:36
	And the common trouble with a successful student	39:40
	who has had no sense of the falsity of the mirage,	39:42
	the BMOC, and is it like all big wheels,	39:47
	his center is a long way from the ground.	39:51
	To educate for success	39:56
	is to ride for a fall sooner or later.	39:58
	To assume that life is a movement towards a happy ending	40:03
	is to set us up as easy victims	40:10
	for disillusionment and despair.	40:12
	We need also to educate for failure, for tragedy,	40:15
	for the perversities of human nature,	40:21
	the let downs of human existence,	40:26
	for the gremlins who inhabit our universe	40:30
	as surely as fairy godmothers.	40:33
	To educate for failure means the equipment of mind	40:38
	and heart to meet the tragic element,	40:42
	which is built into the structure of human life.	40:46
	It means preparation for being up against it.	40:51
	I was curious that in that phrase,	40:57
	being up against it, it always refers	41:00
	to something tragic.	41:06
	Tragedy comes in many forms.	41:11
	It may mean the sudden catastrophic blow of a sudden death.	41:15
	It smashes in our house of serenity.	41:22
	Leaves us numb and powerless	41:27
	unless we have acquired some resources	41:30
	of spirit and mind to draw on.	41:34
	Everyone encounters some smashing tragedy of this sort.	41:41
	Or at least as a brush with it along the way.	41:46
	And yet our education is so carefully oblivious	41:50
	to this radical evil in life.	41:54
	So preoccupied with successful and happy living	41:58
	that the specter of death of tragedy	42:03
	is avoided until unavoidable.	42:07
	We practically have a phobia about it,	42:11
	like William Randolph Hearst, who refused to have	42:14
	anyone mention the word death in his presence.	42:18
	The catastrophic, devastating, the emergency	42:24
	just doesn't fit our scheme.	42:28
	So we are not on like third grade school children	42:32
	in a civil defense air raid test.	42:37
	Who must be considerably mystified	42:42
	about human destiny.	42:45
	When they crawl down under their desks for the air raid,	42:48
	and then crawl out to resume reading "Cinderella"	42:51
	where they left off when the siren sounded.	42:55
	Though, there are the sharp and the sudden tragedies,	43:02
	the usual kind of failure are of another sort.	43:06
	These are the slow and seeping failures of daily living.	43:11
	The gradual dying of hopes and dreams.	43:18
	The gray disenchantment of the years.	43:22
	The slow attrition of times blows.	43:27
	The unspectacular failures of talent,	43:34
	and intelligence into dull mediocrity.	43:38
	The settling down of bright courage	43:43
	into a tired middle aged cynicism.	43:46
	Countering at every point in life.	43:52
	the hope for a better day tomorrow,	43:54
	the hope for the achievement	43:56
	surpassing the old winning out	43:59
	is the opposite limiting factor,	44:02
	Which turns back the hope,	44:06
	which makes living a slow form of dying.	44:10
	Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman"	44:18
	was a play that struck home sharply	44:23
	to its audiences because it epitomized	44:25
	the failure of the American success story.	44:29
	Willie Loman is a pathetic bewildered product	44:35
	of education for success	44:39
	And he had no resource with which to meet failure.	44:42
	And Willie's sons whom he tries to indoctrinate	44:48
	with the formula for success.	44:53
	They are disillusioned when Willie proves much less	44:56
	than a hero and a paragon of virtue.	45:02
	The play puts well one of life's continual	45:06
	processes of disillusionment	45:11
	when we realize that our parents,	45:15
	beneath their elaborate disguises are not heroes and saints	45:19
	but about average, about C minus people.	45:26
	Or when our children failed to realize our hopes for them.	45:32
	And they turned out to be about average too.	45:36
	Now, is this a fitting word to speak to undergraduates	45:42
	for a mother daughter weekend in the springtime of the year?	45:46
	When life looks like an upward road full of bright promise	45:53
	time enough later, you say for the troubles	46:00
	for now we live by hope that sends a shining ray	46:04
	far down the futures broadening way.	46:10
	But what of the fact that the future is a narrowing way?	46:16
	If there be a running down of life,	46:25
	as much as a running up.	46:27
	should not education equip us somewhere,	46:30
	if it claims to see life steadily and hold	46:34
	to reckon with this tragic element,	46:39
	this dark tomb,	46:42
	somehow to be mindful of the transiency	46:47
	the passing away of all hopes, all persons.	46:51
	Somehow to remember the Biblical note,	46:57
	as for man his days are his grass,	47:01
	as a flower of the field, so he flourishes.	47:05
	For the wind passes over it and it is gone.	47:10
	And the place they're off shall know it no more.	47:13
	There are many kinds of responses	47:21
	of faith to the failures of life.	47:23
	Either it's stark tragedies, or its slow letdowns.	47:27
	In which men repeat ancient answers.	47:33
	One I suppose, would be a kind of Epicureanism	47:37
	which would simply refuse to face the tragic	47:42
	Continue to have fun.	47:47
	Life is a comedy before us.	47:51
	Continual cabin party to be played for the kicks.	47:54
	But sooner or later the morning after comes.	48:02
	The funny man has nothing to say.	48:06
	Or the response of faith to failure	48:11
	may be a kind of grim stoicism,	48:14
	which sees the whole shell as tragic,	48:19
	concocted by a perverse demon, as a cruel joke.	48:22
	We are here to sweat it out	48:27
	and to brave it through like	48:28
	perhaps houseman's straps in your lad.	48:31
	The troubles of our proud and angry dust	48:35
	are from eternity and shall not fail.	48:38
	Bear than we can, and if we can	48:43
	we must shoulder the sky, my lad, and drink your ail.	48:45
	The Christian faith offers a profoundly different answer	48:53
	to the problems of failure.	48:58
	For Christianity, the drama of human existence is	49:01
	neither a fuss nor a grim tragedy.	49:06
	But a drama for the education of the soul.	49:12
	Wherein it can learn by way of failure or success.	49:16
	The true purpose of human life.	49:24
	The true understanding of what we are here for.	49:26
	The point of relevance of the Christian faith	49:33
	to this issue is that it provides an answer	49:36
	beyond success or failure.	49:41
	According to the gospels, according to Christian theology	49:46
	where the sign of the faith is a cross,	49:51
	life is not a success story, everybody a winner.	49:55
	And at this point Christianity becomes	50:02
	the criticism of the American fable.	50:04
	It educates us to see how misleading	50:08
	the American ideal is at its heart.	50:10
	But more importantly the Christian faith enables us	50:15
	to redefine the content of success and failure.	50:19
	If the last question asked by American culture is,	50:28
	were you successful?	50:32
	Did you win?	50:34
	The last question asked by Christianity is,	50:37
	Were you faithful?	50:42
	It is integrity, not success	50:45
	Which is the Christian mark of worth.	50:49
	And though it may take some long time to find this out,	50:53
	and perhaps a long way around,	50:59
	yet it is the Christian answer,	51:01
	which goes beyond success or failure .	51:04
	To be a little more specific.	51:10
	What most of you confront after college	51:12
	is far from glamorous, romantic, successful.	51:15
	Far from being queen.	51:21
	Rather it's life in the ranks.	51:26
	Life at the level of gray Monday morning doings.	51:28
	There are the drudgeries of the menial	51:35
	and the humdrum miles from shoe and slipper weekend.	51:37
	There are miles of typewriter ribbon to bang.	51:45
	Or on the average,	51:49
	per housewife for a year 39,000 dishes to wash.	51:51
	There is considerable contrast	52:00
	between white duchy and dirty diapers.	52:02
	(congregation laughs)	52:06
	And by this fact there's not much success	52:08
	by chanticleer standards.	52:14
	But education informed by the Christian faith	52:17
	can equip the student ahead of time	52:22
	to realize that the meaning of life	52:24
	does not consist in success, but in faithfulness,	52:25
	in trust, in love, in patience, in long suffering,	52:30
	in the daily meeting of human need, in thankless devotions.	52:37
	We are here not to succeed, but to love.	52:45
	Whether our love has a happy ending or a sad one.	52:53
	It's worth stands in failure as much as in success.	52:58
	In this sense, Christian faith is disenchantment	53:05
	with a success fable, but it is re-enchantment	53:10
	with authentic success.	53:16
	Christianity never should be construed	53:20
	to offer the cash prize, the straight A, the presidency.	53:22
	What it does offer is the reward of serenity and confidence	53:29
	Which is nonchalant about success.	53:36
	And which is serene within failure.	53:40
	It is educated in equanimity for life or death.	53:45
	This is what St. Paul means when he says,	53:54
	whether we live or whether we die,	53:57
	we are the Lords.	54:01
	Unless a duke student gets some inkling	54:03
	of this ideal he's headed for or despair and frustration.	54:06
	But if he's learned to see beyond the mirage of success	54:12
	to the truth of the cross, he will hear even now	54:18
	be putting on something of the armor of God.	54:24
	In a curious way, the Palm Sunday story	54:33
	can be seen as appropriate to this Christian truth.	54:37
	It's usually taken in a Hollywood sense	54:43
	as being a success story.	54:47
	The triumphal entry into Jerusalem, the shouts of the crowd	54:50
	a happy day when the Messiah arrives.	54:55
	But this is entirely the wrong way to take it.	55:01
	It just wrenches it out of its context in holy week.	55:05
	It is rather a day of tragic irony	55:11
	where success and failure are all mixed up.	55:16
	The crowd missed the point of the story in the entry.	55:21
	They took Christ for what he was not.	55:25
	They missed the symbolism of his ridding on a colt,	55:28
	the symbol of suffering servant.	55:32
	They took him for a military hero	55:36
	who would bring them political success	55:38
	through some magical trick.	55:43
	And in the grand manner of a Cecil B. DeMille,	55:46
	Christ alone understands the irony.	55:51
	He knows the thinness of their loyalty.	55:56
	He knows their disillusionment.	56:00
	He can see the shadow of the cross prefigured	56:03
	over the palms of the Jerusalem road.	56:06
	I mean all the parading and rejoicing,	56:11
	he weeps Jerusalem does not know the time of its visitation.	56:13
	Palm Sunday is not a success story,	56:24
	it is a story of failure by the standards of the world.	56:27
	But it is a story of integrity and faithfulness	56:34
	even unto the cross of Good Friday,	56:40
	where man's faithfulness within failure	56:47
	is transmuted into victory.	56:52
	Let us pray.	57:01
	Almighty God who has granted to us,	57:13
	the perilous gift of freedom,	57:17
	and has set our way amid hard choices	57:21
	of good and evil.	57:25
	Grant us by thy grace, the wisdom to discern	57:30
	the eternal from the temporal,	57:35
	the treasures of heaven from the treasures of earth.	57:38
	That in seeking first thy kingdom, and thy righteousness,	57:43
	we may learn and possess the peace	57:51
	which the world can either give nor take away.	57:57
	Now unto him, who is able to you from falling	58:04
	and to present you faultless before the presence	58:09
	of his glory with exceeding joy,	58:12
	to the only wise God, our savior,	58:16
	the glory and majesty dominion	58:18
	and power both now and ever more.	58:22
	♪ Amen ♪	58:30
	♪ Amen ♪	58:37

Item Info

Title:

Eugene Carson Blake - "Even the Desert Shall Bloom" (April 7, 1957); Waldo Beach - "Education for Failure" (April 28, 1957)

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4p26v49q

Date:

April 7, 1957
April 28, 1957

Speaker:

Blake, Eugene Carson

Contributor:

Duke University. Chapel

Identifier:

UA.17.01.0003 RR-0033
ref5287_n34
uachapelsermaud
duke:628021
dcrau002083
ark:/87924/r4p26v49q
cb511ff1-0510-4c00-a001-3112285e20ee

Digital Collection:

Duke Chapel Recordings

Source Collection:

Duke University Chapel recordings

Language:

English

Location:

United States
North Carolina
Durham (N.C.)

Format:

Provenance:

The Duke University Chapel Recordings were transferred to the Duke University Archives beginning in 1970.

Rights:

No Re-Use

In Copyright

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This material is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

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